Smart queen bee tracking system: QR code–based digital traceability application in queen production

Abstract

In this study, a QR code–based digital monitoring system was developed to address the limitations of manual record-keeping in queen bee production. The implementation took place at the Apiculture Research Center of the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, where QR codes were assigned to each mating nucleus and production colony. Data re-lated to queen cell acceptance, emergence, mating observations, oviposition status, feed-ing, and health monitoring were recorded using mobile forms and synchronized via Google Sheets for centralized tracking and analysis. To evaluate user experience, a struc-tured satisfaction survey based on a 5-point Likert scale was conducted with 12 field per-sonnel actively involved in the production process. Compared to traditional methods, the results indicated a 92% increase in traceability, a 78% reduction in operational errors, and an 85% improvement in reporting and team coordination. Additionally, up to 19% fewer queen losses were observed following the system’s deployment. Most participants found the system practical, user-friendly, and time-saving, highlighting the advantages of mo-bile-based digital entry over manual documentation. This application stands out as one of the first practical examples of QR code–based traceability in both breeding and commer-cial queen enterprises. Beyond enhancing operational efficiency, the system supports quality control, record reliability, and sectoral digital transformation. Its future integration with artificial intelligence, cloud-based decision support platforms, and international traceability standards is expected to elevate the digitalization level of apiculture.